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A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.〔Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "(Cardinal Nephew )." ''The Pope Encyclopedia''. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6.〕 From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, ''Romanum decet pontificem'' (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,〔Until Pope Innocent XII, the only exceptions were popes who did not appoint the cardinals at all (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed only one cardinal).〕 including every Renaissance-era pope.〔 Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members include (legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted) sons and grandsons, brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.〔〔Vidmar, John. 2005. ''The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History''. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1.〕 At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal). Similarly-created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and papal relatives made cardinals by other popes. ==Notes on symbols== Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with: *, when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or *, when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed. Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of cardinal-nephews」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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